koorio.com
º£Á¿ÎÄ¿â ÎÄµµ×¨¼Ò
µ±Ç°Î»ÖÃ£ºÊ×Ò³ >> >>

# Family Replicated Gauge Group Models

Family Replicated Gauge Group Models

1

Family Replicated Gauge Group Models?
C. D. Froggatt ? , L. V. Laperashvili ? , H. B. Nielsen ¡ì , Y. Takanishi
? ?

Department of Physics and Astronomy, Glasgow University, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland E-mail: c.froggatt@physics.gla.ac.uk ITEP, B. Cheremushkinskaya 25, 117218 Moscow, Russia E-mail: laper@heron.itep.ru The Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen ?, Denmark E-mail: hbech@alf.nbi.dk The Abdus Salam ICTP, Strada Costiera 11, 34100 Trieste, Italy E-mail: yasutaka@ictp.trieste.it
Family Replicated Gauge Group models of the type SU (n)N ¡Á SU (m)N , (SM G)3 and (SM G ¡Á U (1)B?L )3 are reviewed, where SM G = SU (3)c ¡Á SU (2)L ¡Á U (1)Y is the gauge symmetry group of the Standard Model, B is the baryon and L is the lepton numbers, respectively. It was shown that Family Replicated Gauge Group model of the latter type ?ts the Standard Model fermion masses and mixing angles and describes all neutrino experiment data order magnitudewise using only 5 free parameters ¨C ?ve vacuum expectation values of the Higgs ?elds which break the Family Replicated Gauge Group symmetry to the Standard Model. The possibility of [SU (5)]3 or [SO(10)]3 uni?cation at the GUT-scale ? 1018 GeV also is brie?y considered.

?

arXiv:hep-ph/0309129v1 11 Sep 2003

¡ì

?

1

Introduction

Trying to gain insight into Nature and considering the physical processes at very small distances, physicists have made attempts to explain the well-known laws of low-energy physics as a consequence of the more fundamental laws of Nature. The contemporary low-energy physics of the electroweak and strong interactions is described by the Standard Model (SM) which uni?es the Glashow-Salam-Weinberg electroweak theory with QCD ¨C the theory of strong interactions. The gauge symmetry group in the SM is : SM G = SU (3)c ¡Á SU (2)L ¡Á U (1)Y , (1)

which describes elementary particle physics up to the scale ¡Ö 100 GeV. Recently it was shown that the Family Replicated Gauge Groups (FRGG) of the type SU (n)N ¡Á SU (m)N provide new directions for research in high energy physics and quantum ?eld theory. In the Deconstruction of space-time models [1], the authors tried to construct renormalizable asymptotically free 4-dimensional gauge theories which dynamically generate a ?fth dimension (it is possible to obtain more dimensions in this way). Such theories naturally lead to electroweak symmetry breaking, relying neither on supersymmetry nor on strong dynamics at the TeV scale. The new TeV physics is perturbative and radiative corrections to the Higgs mass are ?nite. Thus, we see that the family replicated gauge groups provide a new way to stabilize the Higgs mass in the Standard Model. But there exists quite di?erent way to employ the FRGG.
Talk given by L. V. Laperashvili at the Fifth International Conference ¡°Symmetry in Nonlinear Mathematical Physics¡±, Kyiv, Ukraine, June 23-29, 2003.
?

2

C. D. Froggatt, L. V. Laperashvili, H. B. Nielsen, Y. Takanishi

2

Family Replicated Gauge Group as an extension of the Standard Model
G = (SM G)Nf am = [SU (3)c ]Nf am ¡Á [SU (2)L ]Nf am ¡Á [U (1)Y ]Nf am

The extension of the Standard Model with the Family Replicated Gauge Group : (2)

was ?rst suggested in the paper [2] and developed in the book [3] (see also the review [4]). Here Nf am designates the number of quark and lepton families. If Nf am = 3 (as our theory predicts and experiment con?rms), then the fundamental gauge group G is: G = (SM G)3 = SM G1st f am. ¡Á SM G2nd f am. ¡Á SM G3rd f am. , or G = (SM G)3 = [SU (3)c ]3 ¡Á [SU (2)L ]3 ¡Á [U (1)Y ]3 . The generalized fundamental group: Gf = (SM G)3 ¡Á U (1)f (5) (4) (3)

was suggested by ?tting the SM charged fermion masses and mixing angles in paper [5]. A new generalization of our FRGG-model was suggested in papers [6], where: Gext = (SM G ¡Á U (1)B?L )3 ¡Ô [SU (3)c ]3 ¡Á [SU (2)L ]3 ¡Á [U (1)Y ]3 ¡Á [U (1)(B?L) ]3

(6)

is the fundamental gauge group, which takes right-handed neutrinos and the see-saw mechanism into account. This extended model can describe all modern neutrino experiments, giving a reasonable ?t to all the quark-lepton masses and mixing angles. The gauge group G = Gext contains: 3¡Á8 = 24 gluons, 3¡Á3 = 9 W -bosons, and 3¡Á1+3¡Á1 = 6 Abelian gauge bosons. The gauge group Gext = (SM G ¡Á U (1)B?L )3 undergoes spontaneous breakdown (at some orders of magnitude below the Planck scale) to the Standard Model Group SMG which is the diagonal subgroup of the non-Abelian sector of the group Gext . As was shown in Ref. [7], 6 di?erent Higgs ?elds: ¦Ø, ¦Ñ, W , T , ¦ÕW S , ¦ÕB?L break our FRGG-model to the SM. The ?eld ¦ÕW S corresponds to the Weinberg-Salam Higgs ?eld of Electroweak theory. Its vacuum expectation value (VEV) is ?xed by the Fermi constant: ¦ÕW S = 246 GeV, so that we have only 5 free parameters ¨C ?ve VEVs: ¦Ø , ¦Ñ , W , T , ¦ÕB?L to ?t the experiment in the framework of the SM. These ?ve adjustable parameters were used with the aim of ?nding the best ?t to experimental data for all fermion masses and mixing angles in the SM, and also to explain the neutrino oscillation experiments. Experimental results on solar neutrino and atmospheric neutrino oscillations from Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO Collaboration) and the Super-Kamiokande Collaboration have been used to extract the following parameters:
2 2 ?m2 solar = m2 ? m1 ,

?m2 = m2 ? m2 , atm 3 2

tan2 ¦Èsolar = tan2 ¦È12 ,

tan2 ¦Èatm = tan2 ¦È23 (7)

where m1 , m2 , m3 are the hierarchical left-handed neutrino e?ective masses for the three families. We also use the CHOOZ reactor results. It is assumed that the fundamental Yukawa couplings in our model are of order unity and so we make order of magnitude predictions. The typical ?t is shown in Table I. As we can see, the 5 parameter order of magnitude ?t is encouraging.

Family Replicated Gauge Group Models

3

Table 1. Best ?t to conventional experimental data. All masses are running masses at 1 GeV except the top quark mass which is the pole mass.

Fitted Experimental mu 4.4 MeV 4 MeV md 4.3 MeV 9 MeV me 1.6 MeV 0.5 MeV mc 0.64 GeV 1.4 GeV ms 295 MeV 200 MeV m? 111 MeV 105 MeV Mt 202 GeV 180 GeV mb 5.7 GeV 6.3 GeV m¦Ó 1.46 GeV 1.78 GeV Vus 0.11 0.22 Vcb 0.026 0.041 Vub 0.0027 0.0035 ?m2 9.0 ¡Á 10?5 eV2 5.0 ¡Á 10?5 eV2 ¡Ñ 2 ?matm 1.7 ¡Á 10?3 eV2 2.5 ¡Á 10?3 eV2 tan2 ¦È¡Ñ 0.26 0.34 tan2 ¦Èatm 0.65 1.0 2¦È ?2 tan chooz 2.9 ¡Á 10 < 2.6 ¡Á 10?2

There are also 3 see-saw heavy neutrinos in this model (one right¨Chanded neutrino in each family) with masses: M1 , M2 , M3 . The model predicts the following neutrino masses: m1 ¡Ö 1.4 ¡Á 10?3 eV, m2 ¡Ö 9.6 ¡Á 10?3 eV, m3 ¡Ö 4.2 ¡Á 10?2 eV (8)

¨C for left-handed neutrinos, and M1 ¡Ö 1.0 ¡Á 106 GeV, M2 ¡Ö 6.1 ¡Á 109 GeV, M3 ¡Ö 7.8 ¡Á 109 GeV (9)

¨C for right-handed (heavy) neutrinos. Finally, we conclude that our theory with the FRGG-symmetry is very successful in describing experiment. The best ?t gave the following values for the VEVs: W ¡Ö 0.157, T ¡Ö 0.077, ¦Ø ¡Ö 0.244, ¦Ñ ¡Ö 0.265 (10)

in the ¡°fundamental units¡±, MP l = 1, and ¦ÕB?L ¡Ö 5.25 ¡Á 1015 GeV (11)

which gives the see-saw scale: the scale of breakdown of the U (1)B?L groups (? 5 ¡Á 1015 GeV).

3

The Problem of Monopoles in the Standard and Family Replicated Models

The aim of the present Section is to show, following Ref. [8], that monopoles cannot be seen in the Standard Model and in its usual extensions in the literature up to the Planck scale:

4

C. D. Froggatt, L. V. Laperashvili, H. B. Nielsen, Y. Takanishi

MP l = 1.22 ¡Á 1019 GeV, because they have a huge magnetic charge and are completely con?ned or screened. Supersymmetry does not help to see monopoles. In theories with the FRGG-symmetry the charge of monopoles is essentially diminished. Then monopoles can appear near the Planck scale and change the evolution of the ?ne structure constants ¦Ái (t) (here i = 1, 2, 3 corresponds to U (1), SU (2) and SU (3)), t = log(?2 /?2 ), where R ? is the energy variable and ?R is the renormalisation point. Let us consider the ¡°electric¡± and ¡°magnetic¡± ?ne structure constants: ¦Á= g2 4¦Ð and ¦Á= ? g2 ? , 4¦Ð (12)

where g is the coupling constant, and g is the dual coupling constant (in QED: g = e (electric charge), ? and g = m (magnetic charge)). ? The Renormalization Group Equation (RGE) for monopoles is: d(log ¦Á(t)) ? = ¦Â(? ). ¦Á dt With the scalar monopole beta-function we have: ¦Â(? ) = ¦Á ¦Á 2 ? ¦Á ? ¦Á ? ¦Á ? + ( ) + ¡¤¡¤¡¤ = (1 + 3 + ¡¤¡¤¡¤). 12¦Ð 4¦Ð 12¦Ð 4¦Ð (14) (13)

The last equation shows that the theory of monopoles cannot be considered perturbatively at least for ¦Á> ? 4¦Ð ¡Ö 4. 3 (15)

And this limit is smaller for non-Abelian monopoles. Let us consider now the evolution of the SM running ?ne structure constants. The usual de?nition of the SM coupling constants is given in the Modi?ed minimal subtraction scheme (MS): 5 ¦Á1 = ¦ÁY , 3 ¦ÁY = ¦Á , cos2 ¦ÈMS ¦Á2 = ¦Á , 2 sin ¦ÈMS ¦Á3 ¡Ô ¦Ás =
2 gs , 4¦Ð

(16)

where ¦Á and ¦Ás are the electromagnetic and SU (3) ?ne structure constants respectively, Y is the weak hypercharge, and ¦ÈMS is the Weinberg weak angle in MS scheme. Using RGEs with experimentally established parameters, it is possible to extrapolate the experimental values of the three inverse running constants ¦Á?1 (?) from the Electroweak scale to the Planck scale (see i Fig. 1). In this connection, it is very attractive to include gravity. The quantity: ¦Ág = ? ?P l
2

(17)

plays the role of the running ¡±gravitational ?ne structure constant¡± (see Ref. [8]) and the evolution of its inverse is presented in Fig. 1 together with the evolutions of ¦Á?1 (?). i Assuming the existence of the Dirac relation: g? = 2¦Ð for minimal charges, we have the g following expression for the renormalised charges g and g [9]: ? 1 ¦Á(t)? (t) = . ¦Á 4 (18)

Family Replicated Gauge Group Models

5

70 60 50

??? ? ??? ? ??? ?

???

???

40 30 20 10 0 0 2

??

4

6

8

10
??

12

14
??

16

18

20

?? ?

Figure 1.

Using the Dirac relation, it is easy to estimate (in the simple SM) the Planck scale value of ¦Á(?P l ) (minimal for U (1)Y gauge group): ? 5 ¦Á(?P l ) = ¦Á?1 (?P l )/4 ¡Ö 55.5/4 ¡Ö 14 . ? (19) 3 1 This value is really very big compared with the estimate (15) and, of course, with the critical coupling ¦Ácrit ¡Ö 1, corresponding to the con?nement ¨C decon?nement phase transition in the ? lattice U (1) gauge theory. Clearly we cannot make a perturbation approximation with such a strong coupling ¦Á. It is hard for such monopoles not to be con?ned. ? There is an interesting way out of this problem if one wants to have the existence of monopoles, namely to extend the SM gauge group so cleverly that certain selected linear combinations of charges get bigger electric couplings than the corresponding SM couplings. That could make the monopoles which, for these certain linear combinations of charges, couple more weakly and thus have a better chance of being allowed ¡°to exist¡±. An example of such an extension of the SM that can impose the possibility of allowing the existence of free monopoles is just Family Replicated Gauge Group Model (FRGGM). FRGGs of type [SU (N )]Nf am lead to the lowering of the magnetic charge of the monopole belonging to one family: ¦Áone f amily = ? ¦Á ? Nf am .
(2,3)

(20)

? For Nf am = 3, for [SU (2)]3 and [SU (3)]3 , we have: ¦Áone f amily = ¦Á(2,3) /3. For the family ? replicated group [U (1)]Nf am we obtain: ¦Áone f amily = ? ¦Á ? N? (21)

6

C. D. Froggatt, L. V. Laperashvili, H. B. Nielsen, Y. Takanishi
(1)

1 where N ? = 2 Nf am (Nf am + 1). For Nf am = 3 and [U (1)]3 , we have: ¦Áone family = ¦Á(1) /6 (six ? ? times smaller!). This result was obtained previously in Ref. [10]. According to the FRGGM, at some point ? = ?G < ?P l (or really in a couple of steps) the fundamental group G ¡Ô Gext undergoes spontaneous breakdown to its diagonal subgroup:

G ?¡ú Gdiag.subgr. = {g, g, g||g ¡Ê SM G},

(22)

which is identi?ed with the usual (low-energy) group SMG. In the Anti-GUT-model [2, 3] the FRGG breakdown was considered at ?G ? 1018 GeV. But the aim of this investigation is to show that we can see quite di?erent consequences of the extension of the SM to FRGGM, if the G-group undergoes the breakdown to its diagonal subgroup (that is, SMG) not at ?G ? 1018 GeV, but at ?G ? 1014 or 1015 GeV, i.e. before the intersection of ¦Á?1 (?) with ¦Á?1 (?) at ? ¡Ö 1016 GeV. In this case, in the region ?G < ? < ?P l 2 3 there are three SM G ¡Á U (1)B?L groups for the three FRGG families, and we have a lot of fermions, mass protected or not mass protected, belonging to usual families or to mirror ones. In the FRGGM the additional 5 Higgs bosons, with their large VEVs, are responsible for the mass protection of a lot of new fermions appearing in the region ? > ?G . Here we denote the total number of fermions NF , which is di?erent to Nf am . Also the role of monopoles can be important in the vicinity of the Planck scale: they give contributions to the beta-functions and change the evolution of the ¦Á?1 (?). Finally, we obtain the following RGEs: N d(¦Á?1 (?)) bi i = + M ¦Â (m) (? U (1) ) ¦Á dt 4¦Ð ¦Ái where bi are given by the following values: bi = (b1 , b2 , b3 ) 1 4NF ? NS , = (? 3 10 22 4NF 1 NV ? ? NS , 3 3 6 4NF ). 3
(i)

(23)

11NV ?

(24)

The integers NF , NS , NV , NM are respectively the total numbers of fermions, Higgs bosons, vector gauge ?elds and scalar monopoles in the FRGGM considered in our theory. In our FRGG model we have NV = 3, because we have 3 times more gauge ?elds (Nf am = 3), in comparison with the SM and one Higgs scalar monopole in each family. We have obtained the evolutions of ¦Á?1 (?) near the Planck scale by numerical calculations i (2,3) (1) for: ?G = 1014 GeV, NF = 18, NS = 6, NM = 6, NM = 3. Fig. 2 shows the existence of the uni?cation point. We see that in the region ? > ?G a lot of new fermions, and a number of monopoles near the Planck scale, change the one-loop approximation behaviour of ¦Á?1 (?) which we had in the i SM. In the vicinity of the Planck scale these evolutions begin to decrease, as the Planck scale ? = ?P l is approached, implying the suppression of asymptotic freedom in the non-Abelian theories. Fig. 2 gives the following Planck scale values for the ¦Ái : ¦Á?1 (?P l ) ¡Ö 13 1 ¦Á?1 (?P l ) ¡Ö 19 2 ¦Á?1 (?P l ) ¡Ö 24 . 3 (25)

Fig. 2 demonstrates the uni?cation of all gauge interactions, including gravity (the intersection of ¦Á?1 with ¦Á?1 ), at g i ¦Á?1 T ¡Ö 27 GU and xGU T ¡Ö 18.4 . (26)

Here we can expect the existence of [SU (5)]3 or [SO(10)]3 (SUSY or not SUSY) uni?cation.

Family Replicated Gauge Group Models

7

50

??? ? ??? ? ??? ?

??

?

?

40

???

30

? ????

20

???
10 10 12 14
??

??? ? ? ??? ? ? ??? ? ?
??

??? ??? ???

16
?? ?

18

20

??

Figure 2.

Considering the predictions of such a theory for low-energy physics and cosmology, maybe in future we shall be able to answer the question: Does the uni?cation [SU (5)]3 or [SO(10)]3 really exist near the Planck scale? Recently F. S. Ling and P. Ramond [11] considered the group of symmetry [SO(10)]3 and showed that it explains the observed hierarchies of fermion masses and mixings.

Acknowledgements
This investigation was supported by the grant RFBR 02-02-17379.
[1] N. Arkani-Hamed, A. G. Cohen and H. Georgi, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 (2001) 4757; Phys. Lett. B 516 (2001) 395. [2] D. L. Bennett, H. B. Nielsen and I. Picek, Phys. Lett. B 208 (1988) 275. [3] C. D. Froggatt and H. B. Nielsen, Origin of Symmetries, Singapore, World Scienti?c, 1991. [4] L. V. Laperashvili, Phys. Atom. Nucl. 57 (1994) 471 [Yad. Fiz. 57 (1994) 501]. [5] C. D. Froggatt, M. Gibson, H. B. Nielsen and D. J. Smith, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 13 (1998) 5037. [6] H. B. Nielsen and Y. Takanishi, Nucl. Phys. B 604 (2001) 405; Phys. Lett. B 507 (2001) 241; C. D. Froggatt, H. B. Nielsen and Y. Takanishi, Nucl. Phys. B 631 (2002) 285. [7] H. B. Nielsen and Y. Takanishi, Phys. Lett. B 543 (2002) 249. [8] L. V. Laperashvili, D. A. Ryzhikh and H. B. Nielsen, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A, in press [arXiv:hep-th/0211224]; arXiv:hep-th/0212213. [9] L. V. Laperashvili and H. B. Nielsen, Mod. Phys. Lett. A 14 (1999) 2797. [10] D. L. Bennett and H. B. Nielsen, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 9 (1994) 5155. [11] F. S. Ling and P. Ramond, Phys. Rev. D 67 (2003) 115010.

ÍÆ¼öÏà¹Ø:

### Family Replicated Gauge Group Models.pdf

Family Replicated Gauge Group Models - Family Replicated Gauge Group models of the type SU(n)^N\t...

### Knots and Preons.pdf

families of elementary fermions (e,\mu,\tau;\...replicated at the preon level and the conjectured...elds are de?ned only up to a gauge ...

### ...of 3-Family Grand Unified String Models_Ãâ·ÑÏÂÔØ....pdf

ed string models that satisfy the above requirements and have three chiral families of fermions in the GUT gauge group [4]. In fact, a classi?cation ...

### How many family-independent, independent U(1)'s, can we gauge....pdf

[1, 1] is included in each family as part of the spectrum, the set ...V. THE (3,3,1) MODEL Finally let us consider the gauge group SU (3...

### Systematic Study of 3-3-1 Models.pdf

models based on the local gauge group SU(3)_c X SU(3)_L X U(1)_...Two classes of models will be discussed: one family models where the ...

### A Classification of 3-Family Grand Unification in String ....pdf

(or higher representation) Higgs fields in the grand unified gauge group, ...The list of hidden sectors for 3-family (6) string models are (2), (...

### ...electroweak corrections due to extended gauge sy....pdf

sectors are special cases of our extended group....replicated electroweak gauge symmetries, based on a...c models discussed in the literature are special ...

### ...-- pi^+ nu bar{nu} in SU(3)_C X SU(3)_L X U(1)_N Models_....pdf

SU(3)L ? U(1)N (3 3 1) gauge group [36], contain a number of intriguing features: First, the models predict three families of ...

### Family Unification, Exotic States and Magnetic Monopoles.pdf

The PS model has gauge group GP S = SU(4) ¡Á SUL (2) ¡Á SUR (2), and fermion families in bifundamental representations (4, 2, 1) + (? 1...

### The flavour problem and family symmetry.pdf

2 U (1) Family symmetry We consider here the SO(10)-like model of ?...One of them, the 51 -brane has the gauge group U (4)(1) ? U (2...

### Fermion Masses and Mixing in 331 Models with Horizontal ....pdf

[9] , and so-called because the gauge group is SU (3)C ¡Á SU (3)...It is a feature of this type of model that the third family is treated...

### Quark Family Discrimination and Flavour-Changing Neutral ....pdf

erent representation of the gauge group SU(3)C ? SU(3)L ? U(1)N :...neutrinos arisen from the family discrimination in this model. This gives a...

### On gauge transformations of Backlund type and higher order ....pdf

3, by allowing arbitrary coe?cients for the nonlinear functionals, maintaining the invariance of the family of NLSEs under the nonlinear gauge group. In ...

### A universal gauge theory model based on E6_Í¼ÎÄ.pdf

A universal gauge theory model based on E6_×ÔÈ»¿ÆÑ§_×¨Òµ×ÊÁÏ¡£the fourth generation(family) of quarks and leptons Volume 60B, number 2 PHYSICS LETTERS 5...

### One-parameter family of selfdual solutions in classical Yang-....pdf

One-parameter family of selfdual solutions in classical Yang-Mills theory_...Sp(1) gauge group. Here we exhibit the resulting gauge connection and ...

### Gauge dependence in the theory of non-linear spacetime.pdf

Gauge dependence in the theory of non-linear ...families (not necessarily groups) of di eo...model M0 . Perturbations are described as ...

### LOOP ALGEBRAS, GAUGE INVARIANTS AND A NEW COMPLETELY ....pdf

Toda lattice models belong to a general class of... We now de ne a family of gaugeinvariant ...the loop group e B ......... the subgroup...

### Deformations of WZW models.pdf

This is exactly what the orbifoldgroup Zk in (15) does. Finally, integrating out the gauge ?eld instead of ¦Ë ? provides the T-dual model which ...

### Dilepton Signatures of Family Non-Universal U(1)'_....pdf

gauge structure of the MSSM by an extra Abelian group factor U(1)¡ä ...An important property of U(1)¡ä models is that the lightest Higgs boson ...

### ...in Intersecting D-brane Models.pdf

SUSY models can explain gauge hierarchy problems ...replicated at the intersection of the D-branes, ...The important implication of the family replication...